PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
Learning Is Not Necessarily an Outcome of Teaching
What Students Learn Is Influenced by Their Existing
Ideas
Progression in Learning Is Usually From the Concrete
to the Abstract
People Learn to Do Well Only What They Practice
Doing
Effective Learning by Students Requires Feedback
Expectations Affect Performance
TEACHING SCIENCE,
MATHEMATICS, AND TECHNOLOGY
Teaching Should Be Consistent With the Nature of Scientific
Inquiry
Start With Questions About Nature
Engage Students Actively
Concentrate on the Collection and Use of Evidence
Provide Historical Perspectives
Insist on Clear Expression
Use a Team Approach
Do Not Separate Knowing From Finding Out
Deemphasize the Memorization of Technical Vocabulary
Science Teaching Should Reflect Scientific Values
Welcome Curiosity
Reward Creativity
Encourage a Spirit of Healthy Questioning
Avoid Dogmatism
Promote Aesthetic Responses
Science Teaching Should Aim to Counteract Learning
Anxieties
Build on Success
Provide Abundant Experience in Using Tools
Support the Roles of Girls and Minorities in Science
Emphasize Group Learning
Science Teaching Should Extend Beyond the School
Teaching Should Take Its Time